Cement

Cement is a binding agent and is a key ingredient of the most used man-made material: concrete. The demand for cement is strongly correlated to the rate of economic development. Cement manufacturing is the third largest energy consuming and CO₂ emitting sector, with an estimated 1.9 Gt of CO₂ emissions from thermal energy consumption and production processes in 2006.¹ If Best Available Technologies can be adopted in all cement plants, global energy intensity can be reduced by 1.1 GJ/t-cement, from its current average value of 3.5 GJ/t-cement. This would result in CO₂ savings of around 119 Mt.²

Technology & Resources
Benchmarks
Key Data
Organizations
Programs
EnMS

Dry, semi-dry, semi-wet and wet processes are the four main process routes that are used for the production of cement. Dry processes are considerably more energy efficient but the choice of technology mainly depends on the state of raw materials. Thanks to the availability of dry materials a great share of production in the developed world is today converted to dry processes. Dry processes are also the choice for new plants or for those looking for expansions or upgrades. The energy-intensive wet process is still used in some countries (and is a considerable share of production in the Former Soviet Union, Australia, and New Zealand), but is being phased out in many countries.

Most of the energy use and CO₂ emissions of the cement industry is linked to the production of clinker, which is the main component of cement and produced by sintering limestone and clay. Electricity needed for crushing and grinding raw materials, fuel, and the finished products represents another important energy demand. Proven technical options with potential to enable considerable reductions in energy use and CO₂ emissions can be categorized into: use of energy efficient technologies; use of alternative raw materials and fuels, and reducing the clinker content of cement via increased use of other blends. There are also emerging options in the form of alternative cementitious materials and carbon capture and storage.

CementSchematic

CementProcesses

Cross-Sectoral Systems

Motor Systems

Selected Cement Technologies & Measures

For a wider list of technologies & measures, please follow the links under processes above.

Products

Clinker
Cement

Cement Publications

Energy Efficiency Improvement Opportunities for the Cement Industry

Date:

Jan

2008

Source:

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Format:

PDF

Type:

Publications

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) energy guide, Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for Cement Making, discusses energy efficiency practices and technologies that can be implemented in cement manufacturing plants. This ENERGY STAR guide provides current real world examples of cement plants saving energy and reducing cost and carbon dioxide emissions.

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/LBNL-54036.pdf?5d92-a6b3

Development of State of the Art Techniques in Cement Manufacturing: Trying to Look Ahead

Date:

Jun

2009

Source:

Cement Sustainability Initiative

Format:

PDF

Type:

Publications

The report represents the independent research efforts of the European Cement Research Academy (ECRA) to identify, describe and evaluate technologies which may contribute to increase energy efficiency and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from global cement production today as well as in the medium and long-term future.

http://www.wbcsdcement.org/pdf/technology/Technology%20papers.pdf

Energy Efficiency and Resource Saving Technologies in Cement Industry

Source:

Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate

Format:

PDF

Type:

Publications

This Cement technologies booklet was compiled by the APP Cement Task Force (CTF) through one of its activities to help its member countries share information on all available energy efficient technologies generally used in the world’s cement industry. The document offers a comprehensive compilation of commercially-available energy efficient technologies used in the cement industry.

http://asiapacificpartnership.org/pdf/Projects/Cement/APP_Booklet_of_Cement_Tech...

International Best Practices for Pre- Processing and Co-Processing Municipal Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge in the Cement Industry

Date:

Aug

2012

Format:

PDF

Type:

Publications

This report describes international best practices for pre-processing and co-processing of municipal solid waste and sewage sludge in cement plants, for the benefit of countries that wish to develop co-processing capacity. The report is divided into three main sections, concentrating on: a) fundamentals of co-processing; b) examples of international regulatory and institutional frameworks for co-processing, and; c) international best practices related to the technological aspects of co-processing.

http://china.lbl.gov/sites/all/files/Co-processing.EN_.Final_.pdf

Cement Tools

Cement Manufacturing Energy Performance Indicator Tool

Date:

2011

Source:

US Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program

Format:

Spreadsheet

Type:

Tools

US Flag Developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the ENERGY STAR Cement Plant Energy Performance Indicator (EPI) is a statistical model that allows cement manufacturing plants located in the US to benchmark their energy performance against the industry. Annual plant energy and operating data is entered into the model to receive an energy efficiency score on a scale of 1 to 100.

http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/downloads/EPI_Tool-Cement.xls?95d...

Benchmarking and Energy Saving Tool (BEST) for Cement

Date:

2012

Source:

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Format:

Application

Type:

Tools

Chinese Flag Benchmarking and Energy Saving Tool (BEST) for Cement is a process-level benchmarking tool developed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Energy Research Institute in China.

http://china.lbl.gov/tools-guidebooks/best-cement

Sewage Sludge Use in Cement Companies as an Energy Source (SUCCESS) Tool

Date:

Aug

2013

Source:

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Format:

Spreadsheet

Type:

Tools

Chinese Flag This Excel-based tool serves to assist decision makers in implementing sludge-end-use-in-cement schemes with optimal economic and environmental outcomes. The environmental and economic costs and benefits associated with burning sewage sludge in cement kilns will vary based on the energy content of the sludge (lower heating value) and the transportation distance between the wastewater treatment plant and proposed cement plant.

http://china.lbl.gov/tools-guidebooks/success

Depending on the employed production technology, characteristics of raw materials, and the composition of final products cement manufacturing can show significant variations in energy consumption and CO₂ emissions. In the following, best attainable values for different production processes and for different cement products are presented.

CementBenchmarks

International Benchmarks for Thermal Energy Consumption in Clinker Making with Different Technologies¹
Production Process	Energy Consumption (GJ/t Clinker)
Production Process	Min	Max
Dry, multistage cyclone pre-heater and pre-calciner kilns	2.85	3.0
Dry process rotary kilns with cyclone pre-heaters	3.1	4.2
Semi-dry/semi-wet processes (Lepol kiln)	3.3	4.5
Dry process long kilns		5.0
Wet process long kilns	5.0	6.0
Shaft kilns (up to 100 t/d capacity)	3.1	4.2

World Best Practice Final Energy Intensity Values for Portland Cement²
Process	Energy carrier	Product unit	kWh/t product	GJ/t prduct	kWh/t clinker	GJ/t clinker	kWh/t cement	GJ/t cement
Raw materials preparation	Electricity	t raw meal	12.05	0.04	21.3	0.08	20.3	0.07
Solid fuels preparation	Electricity	t coal	10	0.04	0.97		0.92
Clinker making	Fuel	t clinker				2.85		2.71
	Electricity	t clinker			22.5	0.08	21.4	0.08
Additives preparation	Fuel	t additive
	Electricity	t additive
Finish grinding
325 cement	Electricity	t cement					16	0.06
425 cement	Electricity	t cement					17.3	0.06
525 cement	Electricity	t cement					19.2	0.07
625 cement	Electricity	t cement					19.8	0.07
Total
325 cement							59	2.92
425 cement							60	2.92
525 cement							62	2.93
625 cement							62	2.93

Assumptions: Ratio of "t of raw materials per t of clinker "is 1.77; ratio of "t of coal per ton of clinker" is 0.97; clinker to cement ratio in Portland cement is 0.95; additives to cement ratio in Portland cement is 0.05.

World Best Practice Final Energy Intensity Values for Fly Ash Cement²
Process	Energy carrier	Product unit	kWh/t product	GJ/t prduct	kWh/t clinker	GJ/t clinker	kWh/t cement	GJ/t cement
Raw materials preparation	Electricity	t raw meal	12.05	0.04	21.3	0.08	13.9	0.05
Solid fuels preparation	Electricity	t coal	10	0.04	0.97		0.92
Clinker making	Fuel	t clinker				2.85		1.9
	Electricity	t clinker			22.5	0.08	14.6	0.05
Additives preparation	Fuel	t additive
	Electricity	t additive					7	0.03
Finish grinding
325 cement	Electricity	t cement					23	0.08
425 cement	Electricity	t cement					25	0.09
525 cement	Electricity	t cement					28	0.10
625 cement	Electricity	t cement					28	0.10
Total
325 cement							52	2.04
425 cement							54	2.05
525 cement							57	2.06
625 cement							na	na

Assumptions: Ratio of "t of raw materials per t of clinker "is 1.77; ratio of "t of coal per ton of clinker" is 0.97; clinker to cement ratio in fly ash cement is 0.65; additives to cement ratio in fly ash cement is 0.35 (5% gypsum, 30% fly ash).

World Best Practice Final Energy Intensity Values for Blast Furnace Slag Cement²
Process	Energy carrier	Product unit	kWh/t product	GJ/t prduct	kWh/t clinker	GJ/t clinker	kWh/t cement	GJ/t cement
Raw materials preparation	Electricity	t raw meal	12.05	0.04	21.33	0.08	7.5	0.03
Solid fuels preparation	Electricity	t coal	10	0.04	0.97		0.34
Clinker making	Fuel	t clinker				2.85		1.0
	Electricity	t clinker			22.5	0.08	7.9	0.03
Additives preparation	Fuel	t additive
	Electricity	t additive					25	0.09
Finish grinding
325 cement	Electricity	t cement					41	0.15
425 cement	Electricity	t cement					44	0.16
525 cement	Electricity	t cement					49	0.18
625 cement	Electricity	t cement					51	0.18
Total
325 cement							57	1.65
425 cement							60	1.66
525 cement							65	1.68
625 cement							na	na

Assumptions: Ratio of "t of raw materials per t of clinker "is 1.77; ratio of "t of coal per ton of clinker" is 0.97; clinker to cement ratio in blast furnace slag cement is 0.35; additives to cement ratio in blast furnace slag cement is 0.65 (5% gypsum or anhydrites, 60% fly ash).

Footnotes

Benchmark Footnotes:

[1]

EU-China Energy and Environment Programme (2009) Cement - A reference guide for the industry.

[2]

Worrell, E., Price, L., Neelis, M., Galitsky, C., Nan, Z. (2008) "World Best Practice Energy Intensity Values for Selected Industrial Sectors", Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. p.24 (Available here)

Globally, more than 3.3 billion tons of cement was produced in 2010. Graphs below show the global distribution of production and the shares of top 10 cement producing nations.

Globally, the cement sector is dominated by a small number of large companies. Largest cement companies, and their capacities and sales are also provided below.

Cement production is an energy intensive process, with energy costs representing 20-40% of production costs (IEA, 2007. p. 145).

Since 1990s, globally there has been a gradual reduction in the "clinker ratio" – the ratio of clinker to cement in the final product – which reflects in reduced specific energy consumption. China is believed to have the lowest clinker ratio in 2010, due to extensive use of granulated blast furnace slag, fly-ash, boiler bottom-ash and a variety of other substitutes.

The table below provides an overview of the availability of materials that can be used as clinker substitutes and their current consumption levels.

Current Use and Availability of Clinker Substitutes (IEA, 2007. p150)
Clinker Substitute	Use in 2004 (Mt)	Availability (Mt)
Total blast furnace slag	n.a.	180 – 220
Granulated blast furnace slag	90	110
Fly ash	222	445
Pozzolona	50	n.a

General Industry Characteristics

Global Cement Consumption

See Source Data

2011 [1]

Name	Million tons
2006	2568
2007	2763
2008	2830
2009	2998
2010	3294
TOTAL	14453

Back to Chart

2011 [1]

Global Cement Consumption by Region in 2010

See Source Data

2010 [2]

Name	%
North Asia	60
South Asia	5
Australasia	0.5
North America	3
South America	3
Central America	0.5
Western Europe	7
Eastern Europe	3
Central Europe	1
North & West Africa	4
Central & South Africa	1
Indian Sub-continent	8
Middle East	5
TOTAL	101

Back to Chart

2010 [2]

Top ten cement producing nations in 2010

See Source Data

2010 [3]

Name	Mt
China	1868
India	216
USA	65
Turkey	62
Iran	61
Brazil	58
Vietnam	55
Japan	54
Russia	50
Egypt	48
TOTAL	2537

Back to Chart

2010 [3]

Capacities of leading cement companies

See Source Data

2010 [4]

Name	Mt
Lafarge	199
Holcim	212
HeidelbergCement	112
Cemex	97
Italcementi	81
TOTAL	701

Back to Chart

2010 [4]

Cement sales of leading companies (2010)

See Source Data

2010 [5]

Name	Mt
Lafarge	141
Holcim	137
Heidelberg Cement	78
Cemex	66
Italcementi	54
Buzzi Unicem	27
TOTAL	503

Back to Chart

2010 [5]

Footnotes

[1] International Cement Review:http://www.cemnet.com/content/publications/gcr9_world_overview/player.html

[2] International Cement Review:http://www.cemnet.com/content/publications/gcr9_world_overview/player.html

[3] International Cement Review:http://www.cemnet.com/content/publications/gcr9_world_overview/player.html

[4] International Cement Review:http://www.cemnet.com/content/publications/gcr9_world_overview/player.html

[5] International Cement Review:http://www.cemnet.com/content/publications/gcr9_world_overview/player.html

There are numerous organizations working at global, regional, national levels with improving the resource productivity and reducing the environmental impact of cement manufactuing. Some of the major ones are listed below:
Original research for this section is performed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's China Energy Group.

Cement Organizations Global

Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI)

Description: Developed under the umbrella of World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), the Cement Sustainability Initiative (CSI) is a global effort by 24 major cement producers with operations in more than 100 countries. A key purpose of the Initiative is to identify actions and facilitate steps cement companies can take, individually and as a group, to accelerate progress toward sustainable development. CSI have developed various materials and tools on energy efficiency, CO2 accounting and reporting.

Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership - Cement Working Group (GSEP)

Description: Global Superior Energy Performance Partnership (GSEP) was established by government and corporate leaders in 2010 in Washington DC. The purpose of the initiative is to accelerate energy efficiency improvements throughout industrial facilities and large buildings and to significantly cut global energy use by encouraging industrial facilities and commercial buildings to pursue continuous improvements in energy efficiency. The initiative also aims at promoting public-private partnerships for cooperation on specific technologies or in individual energy-intensive sectors.

International Energy Agency (IEA)

Description: The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous organization, which works to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy for its 28 member countries and beyond. IEA has been a key partner in various studies on energy efficiency, energy technologies, and energy policies. It also offers a wealth of information on energy and CO2 emission statistics. Examples of IEA's work related to Cement Industry

The World Bank

Description: The World Bank has funded various studies/projects, and programs on energy efficiency in industry including the cement industry in developing countries such as the study on the CDM projects in the cement industry in Africa (World Bank 2009), strengthening the institutional capacity for both the management and technical aspects of rational energy use in key industrial sectors, including the cement industry, in China (

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Description: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to 14, 1992. The objective of the treaty is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

Description: The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations. One of the aims of UNIDO is to promote and accelerate sustainable industrial development in developing countries and economies in transition. One of the areas the UNIDO focuses is related to fostering environmental sustainability. UNIDO has organized several workshops on energy efficiency and CO2 emissions reduction in the industry. UNIDO also played a key role in the development of the ISO management system standard for energy, ISO 50001).

United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

Description: World Wildlfe Fund is one of the world's largest independent conservation organizations and is active in over 100 countries. WWF's focus has over the years evolved into an ambitious strategy to preserve biodiversity and achieve sustainable development across the globe. The organization has been working on promoting energy efficiency in different industrial sectors.

ZKG International (ZKG)

Description: Publishers of a trade journal for cement and lime industries.

Cement Organizations Asia-Pacific

Cement Organizations Australia

Cement Organizations Brazil

Brazilian Portland Cement Association (ABCP)

Description: Brazilian Portland Cement Association (Associação Brasileira de Cimento Portland) was founded in 1936 in order to promote studies on the cement and their applications. It is a nonprofit, maintained by the Brazilian cement industry, which makes up their membership. ABCP is active in different areas such as (ABCP 2011):

The National Union of the Cement Industry (SNIC)

Description: The National Union of the Cement Industry (Sindicato Nacional da Indústria do Cimento) conducts and disseminates research and performs legal representation of the cement industry in Brazil. The union represents the general interests of the industry and the individual interests of its members. Its main tasks are collaborating with the state as a technical and advisory body regarding the issues related to the cement industry, and the provision of technical and legal assistance to members in relation to economic issues and safety

Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT)

Description: The Brazilian Association of Technical Standards, is a nonprofit organization that develops and publishes standards on a wide variety of topics. Headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, ABNT is Brazil's national standards organization and its representative in the Pan American COPANT and the international ISO and IEC. Through these associations, ABNT standards are synchronized with the rest of the world.

Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (ABNT)

Cement Organizations China

China Building Materials Academy (CBMA)

Description: Founded in the early 1950’s China Building Materials Academy (CBMA), is the largest comprehensive research institute and technology development center in China in the fields of building materials and advanced inorganic nonmetallic materials. Since 1999, CBMA has become the only key research and development institute directly under the central government for building materials industry. Currently, CBMA staff consists of about 1500 employees, including about 1000 professionals.

China Building Materials Academy (CBMA)

Chinese Cement Association (CCA)

Description: The China Cement Association (CCA) was founded in 1987 and represents 4000 cement companies with a total annual production capacity of around 1.2 billion tons of cement. Under the Chinese government’s commission, the CCA assists the government in formulating strategic plans for industrial development, industrial policies, regulatory policies, industrial codes and standards, and provides assistance during implementation of these policies, codes and standards.

Institute for Industrial Productivity (IIP)

Description: The Institute for Industrial Productivity provides companies and governments with the best energy efficiency practices to reduce energy costs and prepare for a low carbon future. As a nonprofit organization based in China, India, the United States and the European Union it offers integrated service packages comprising technology, policy and financing components.

Institute of Technical Information for Building Materials Industry of China (ITIBMIC)

Description: The Institute of Technical Information for Building Materials Industry of China, founded in 1958, is a research unit under the State Council, which is funded by the central government and managed by the China Building Material Industry Association (CBMIA). It comprises of departments dedicated to research on cement, glass, ceramics, new building materials and non-ferrous metal, and has publications particularly on cement itself and building material industry.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

Description: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is a member of the national laboratory system supported by the U.S. Department of Energy through its Office of Science. It is managed by the University of California (UC) and is charged with conducting unclassified research across a wide range of scientific disciplines.

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)

Description: The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is a ministry under the State Council that supervises industrial enterprises and their operation through formulating and implementing plans, policies and standards concerning industry development.

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT)

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

Description: The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China is a macroeconomic governance agency under the State Council, which studies and formulates policies for economic and social development, maintains a balance of economic aggregates and guides the overall economic system restructuring (NDRC 2011).

National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC)

Tsinghua University

Description: Tsinghua University is considered by many the top engineering school in China. In the field of energy efficiency, Tsinghua University has been very active and different departments and research centers within the university have been conducting research in this area. There are several studies on energy efficiency in the cement, iron and steel, and electricity generation industries conducted by Tsinghua University.

Cement Organizations Europe

European Cement Association (CEMBUREAU)

Description: The European Cement Association, CEMBUREAU, is the representative organization of the cement industry in Europe acting as spokesperson for the cement industry before the European Union institutions and other public authorities, and communicates the industry’s views on all issues and policy developments. Currently, its Full Members are the national cement industry associations and cement companies of the European Union (with the exception of Cyprus, Malta and Slovakia) plus Norway, Switzerland and Turkey.

European Cement Research Academy (ECRA)

Description: The European Cement Research Academy (ECRA) was founded in 2003 as a platform on which the European cement industry supports, organizes and undertakes research activities within the context of the production of cement and its application in concrete. The Academy is steered by a Technical Advisory Board staffed with representatives from major European cement producers, and its activities include seminars, workshops and dedicated research projects.

Institute for Industrial Productivity (IIP)

ZKG International (ZKG)

Description: Publishers of a trade journal for cement and lime industries.

Cement Organizations European Union

Cement Organizations India

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

Description: Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) of India is an agency under the Indian Ministry of Power. The primary aim of the agency is to reduce energy intensity in Indian economy by developing, deploying and increasing public and corporate awareness about energy conservation measures and practices. The organization coordinates energy efficiency and conservation policies and programs and establishes systems and procedures to measure, monitor and verify energy efficiency results in individual sectors as well as at a macro level.

Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

Cement Manufacturers' Association of India (CMA)

Description: Cement Manufacturers' Association (CMA) of India is the apex body of cement manufacturers in India having both the private and public sector cement companies as members. CMA offers various services to government bodies, to the industry and to consumers. Main objectives of CMA include:

CII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII - Godrej GBC)

Description: CII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII - Godrej GBC) is one of the 10 Centres of Excellences of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII). CII - Godrej GBC offers advisory services to the industry in the areas of Green buildings, energy efficiency, water management, environmental management, renewable energy, green business incubation and climate change activities.

CII - Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre (CII - Godrej GBC)

Confederation of Indian Industry (CII)

Description: The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) is a non-profit, non-governmental, industry-led organization, which aims to support India’s industrial development. CII has over 8100 private and public sector members, including SMEs, and an indirect membership of over 90,000 companies from around 400 national and regional sectoral associations.

Institute for Industrial Productivity (IIP)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

Description: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) was formally established in 1974 and over the years evolved into an organization working with developing and diffusing sustainability solutions in the fields of energy, environment and current patterns of development. TERI mounts research, training and demonstration projects leading to development of specific problem-based advanced technologies that help carry benefits to society at large. (TERI, 1012)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

Cement Organizations United States

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

Institute for Industrial Productivity (IIP)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)

United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S EPA)

Description: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or sometimes U.S. EPA) is an agency of the United States federal government. Among others, the agency conducts environmental assessment, research, and education. It has the responsibility of maintaining and enforcing national standards under a variety of environmental laws. U.S. EPA prepares and publishes a number of useful publications and guidelines on industrial resource use efficiency and environmental protection.

US DOE’s Advanced Manufacturing Office (US DOE/AMO)

Description: US DOE’s Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) – formerly known as Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) – is the successor of the Technology Roadmap Program, which aims to increase energy efficiency in the industrial sector of the United States.

US Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program

Description: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s ENERGY STAR program is a voluntary partnership, founded in 1992 to promote sound energy-efficient practices and products. The ENERGY STAR Industrial Sector Partnership, comprised of leading U.S. industrial manufacturing corporations as well as small and medium industrial enterprises, trade associations, academia, and more, come together to identify barriers in managing energy efficiency in a corporate setting and finding strategic solutions to overcome those barriers.

Cement Organizations Iran

Cement Organizations Japan

Japan Cement Association (JCA)

Description: Japan Cement Association (JCA) is the representative body of the Japanese cement industry, comprised of 18 cement companies with 32 cement plants. The total clinker production capacity of these plants as of April 2009 was around 63 million tons. Founded in 1048, (JCA 2011). JCA also implemented the Keidanren Voluntary Action Plan Program.

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

Description: New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO) is Japan’s largest public R&D management organization and it coordinates technology development activities in collaboration with the industrial, academic and governmental sectors. NEDO has placed particular emphasis on energy and environment field since its foundation in 1980.

New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO)

Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE)

Description: Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) is a government supported foundation in Japan with the objective of contributing to the preservation of global environment and the development of world economy by conducting research on industrial technologies. RITE carries out fundamental research in the areas of:

The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ)

Description: The aim the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ) is to carry out research activities in the area of energy supply and end use. Its work in focused on analyzing energy problems and providing basic data, information and reports necessary for the formulation of energy policies in Japan. Among others, IEEJ published a report on CO2 reduction potential by adopting energy efficient technologies in energy intensive industries, including iron and steel, cement and pulp and paper (IEEJ 2006).

Cement Organizations South Korea

Cement Organizations Turkey

Programs Description:

There are a number of organizations working at global, regional, national levels with improving the resource productivity and reducing the environmental impact of cement manufacturing. Information on some of the major programs can be found below:

Cement Programs Global

Cement Programs Australia

Cement Programs China

Cement Programs European Union

European Union – Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)

Description: European Union – Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) is cap and trade system that caps the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted from factories, power plants and other installations. Within this restriction, companies receive emission allowances, which they can sell to or buy from one another when needed. At the end of each year, a company must possess enough allowances to cover all its emissions otherwise heavy fines are imposed. If a company manages to reduce its emissions, it can keep the allowances for future or can sell to another company that is short of allowances.

European Union – Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS)

Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive (IPPC)

Description: The IPPC Directive was adopted in the EU in 1996 in order to set a common rules for permitting and controlling industrial installations across the union. The Directive requires both the existing and new facilities to acquire an environmental permit from designated authorities. Approximately 52 000 installations are covered by the Directive.

Cement Programs India

Perform, Achieve, and Trade program (PAT)

Description: The Perform, Achieve, and Trade (PAT) is a trading scheme aimed to improve energy efficiency in industries across India using a market based mechanism. PAT has been introduced under the National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE). Participation in the scheme is mandatory for Designated Consumers under the ECA. Nine sectors have been identified for the initial phase, of which 7 industrial sectors, including the cement, iron and steel, pulp and paper industries. The power sector and railways are also covered. In total more than 700 plants could be covered by the scheme.

Perform, Achieve, and Trade program (PAT)

Cement Programs Iran

Cement Programs Japan

Cement Programs Turkey

Cement Programs United States

Better Plants Program

Description: Better Plants Program is a voluntary initiative in which industrial plants can participate by registering a voluntary commitment to reduce energy intensity by 25% over ten years. Participating companies gain recognition and technical support from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The program builds on the success of the former Save Energy Now LEADER program, which was launched in 2009 to contribute to the goal of achieving a 25% reduction in industrial energy intensity by 2017.

Better Plants Program

Superior Energy Performance

Description: Superior Energy Performance is a certification program in the US that provides industrial facilities with a roadmap for achieving continual improvement in energy efficiency while maintaining competitiveness. The program will provide a transparent, globally accepted system for verifying energy performance improvements and management practices. It is anticipated that Superior Energy Performance will launch nationally in 2012.

Industrial energy efficiency can be greatly enhanced by effective management of the energy use of operations and processes. Experience shows that companies and sites with stronger energy management programs gain greater improvements in energy efficiency than those that lack procedures and management practices focused on continuous improvement of energy performance. An Energy Management Systems (EnMS), which is a collection of procedures and practices to ensure the systematic tracking, analysis and planning of energy use in industry, provides such a framework to manage energy and promote continuous improvement. They establish assessment, planning, and evaluation procedures which are critical for actually realizing and sustaining the potential energy efficiency gains of new technologies or operational changes.

There are a number of guidelines aimed at helping companies to establish an effective EnMS - including those from United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) and the recent ISO 50000 series of the International Standards Organization.

Although they may differ in their details, these guidelines promote continuous improvement of energy efficiency through:

Organizational practices and policies;
Team development;
Planning and evaluation;
Tracking and measurement;
Communication and employee engagement; and;
Evaluation and corrective measures (US EPA, 2010)

While EnMSs can help organizations achieve greater savings through a focus on continuous improvement, they do not guarantee energy savings or carbon dioxide reductions alone. Combined with effective plant energy benchmarking and appropriate plant improvements, EnMSs can help achieve greater savings.

[1]

International Energy Agency (2009) Energy Technology Transitions for Industry. p. 78

[2]

International Energy Agency (2012) Tracking Clean Energy Progress. p.34